Node Web App

We have already seen a very basic web server in node.js:

import * as http from 'http';

const hostname = '127.0.0.1';
const port = 3000;

const server = http.createServer((req, res) => {
  res.statusCode = 200;
  res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/plain');
  res.end('Hello Web\n');
});

server.listen(port, hostname, () => {
  console.log(`Server running at http://${hostname}:${port}/`);
});

Not let's look at connect and express, two libraries that make web projects easier.

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Write a function that recieves the arguments request, response and next. This function can read from and also manipulate request and response. After it is done, it must call next() to hand over control to the next middleware.

var connect = require('connect');

var app = connect()
    // my middleware
    .use(function(request, response, next) {
        console.log(`Request for ${request.url} with method ${request.method}`);
        next();
    })
    // handle all requests
    .use(function onRequest(request, response) {
        response.end('Hello from connect with middleware!');
    })
    .listen(3000);
console.log("Server listening on port 3000");

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3 Express

Express is a minimalist framework for building APIs and server rendered web apps with node.js. It offers:

a project generator
request / response enhancements
routing
view support
HTML helpers
content negotiation

it is built on top of connect.

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3.1 Setup

npx express-generator --git projectname

Creates your project with all the necessary packages.

cd projectname
npm install

Installs all dependencies to your project

DEBUG=node-express:* npm start

has your project up and running

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4 Building an API

If you want to use express for an API only, you can set it up without views:

npx express-generator --no-view --git restproject

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4.1 Serving static assets

The generator created a folder public/ with some files and subfolders:

   create : restproject/
   create : restproject/public/
   create : restproject/public/javascripts/
   create : restproject/public/images/
   create : restproject/public/stylesheets/
   create : restproject/public/stylesheets/style.css
   create : restproject/public/index.html

the express.static middleware is used to serve these files. It will look for index.html if a folder is requested.

app.use(express.static(path.join(__dirname, 'public')));

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4.2 Routes

In more complex MVC (Model-View-Controller) frameworks, controllers and routing are treated as separate entities. However, in Express.js, both of these tasks are managed by routes.

It's common practice to divide routing into multiple files.

// in file app.js
var indexRouter = require('./routes/index');
var usersRouter = require('./routes/users');

app.use('/', indexRouter);
app.use('/users', usersRouter);

// in ./routes/users.js
var express = require('express');
var router = express.Router();

/* GET users listing. */
router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
  res.send('respond with a resource');
});

module.exports = router;

The routes in file users.js are relative to the base-route set in app.js.

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4.3 Serving JSON

The express.json middleware will convert a javascript data structure into JSON and serve it with the appropriate content type:

// in file app.js
app.use(express.json());

// in ./routes/users.js
var users = [
  { name: 'konsti' }
  , { name: 'johannes' }
  , { name: 'lara' }
  , { name: 'tanja' }
];

router.get('/', function(req, res, next) {
  res.send(users);
});

// result in browser:
[{"id":1,"name":"konsti"},{"id":2,"name":"johannes"},{"id":3,"name":"lara"},{"id":4,"name":"tanja"}]

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4.4 More Routing

URLs can contain parameters in two ways: as query parameters:

http://localhost:3000/users?name=Jin

// in ./routes/users.js
app.get('/', (req, res) => {
    let name = req.query.name;  // Jin
    // ...
});

Sometimes we want to identify parts of the URL:

http://localhost:3000/users/3

Here we can use express route parameters:

// in ./routes/users.js
/* GET one users  - use :id in the path, and read req.params.id */
router.get('/:id', function(req, res, next) {
  var user = users.find( u => u.id == req.params.id)
  res.send(user);
});

Use the http methods as function names, or use all to catch all methods:

// in ./routes/users.js
/* POST one users  - use :id in the path, and read req.params.id */
router.post('/:id', function(req, res, next) {
  var user = users.find( u => u.id == req.params.id)
  res.send(user);
});

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app.get('/', function (req, res) {
    res.render('index', {user: 'Welt'});
});

extends layout

block content
    h1 Hallo #{user}
    a(href='https://google.com') Google
    ul
      - for (var x = 0; x < 3; x++)
        li bla

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5.2 Working with data

Pass data to the views

res.render('index', { title: 'Customer List' });

Read data from form

app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: false }));
app.post('/', function(req, res){
  var userName = req.body.username;
  res.send(`Hello ${username}<br><a href="/">Try again.</a>`);
});

Read and send files

let filePath = req.files.picture.path;
res.sendfile(filePath); // also: sets Content-Type from ext
// res.download(filePath);  // same, as attachment, size

Data for all views

app.locals.clock = new Date().toUTCString();

clock is now available in all views:

p This Server started at #{clock}

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6 See Also

frameworks recommended by express

1 Connect

2 Write you own middleware